Case:
How to create an IPv6 route to null/blackhole in Linux
Command:
ip -6 route add blackhole fd00:12:34::0/48
I hope it is useful
Monday, December 4, 2023
Sunday, October 29, 2023
How to temporarily disable IPv4 on an interface within Linux
Case:
We want to disable IPv4 on an interface
Solution:
sudo ip -4 addr flush dev enp0s1
Explanation:
The above command removes all IPv4 addresses for interface enp0s1. Important, remember that this disabling is only temporary.
Friday, October 13, 2023
How to uninstall brew in MAC
How to uninstall brew in MAC
Option 1:
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/uninstall.sh)"
Option 2: NONINTERACTIVE=1 /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/uninstall.sh)"
Tomado de: https://github.com/homebrew/install#uninstall-homebrew
NGINX Reverse Proxy for an IPv6-Only Server Farm
Introduction
This work presents a very simple way to offer dual-stack web access to an IPv6-only server farm using NGINX. The continued growth of the Internet and the gradual adoption of the IPv6 protocol means that it is essential to ensure connectivity and accessibility for clients using both IPv4 and IPv6. We will explain how to configure NGINX to support dual-stack web access, we will address how to configure NGINX as a reverse proxy that listens on both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, as well as how to correctly route incoming requests to backend servers with only IPv6 addresses. By the way, among many other benefits, what we will discuss in the following article is an important step towards the preservation of IPv4 addresses.
What is a Reverse Proxy?
In [1], Cloudflare defines a Reverse Proxy Server as follows: “A reverse proxy is a server that sits in front of web servers and forwards client (e.g. web browser) requests to those web servers. Reverse proxies are typically implemented to help increase security, performance, and reliability. In order to better understand how a reverse proxy works and the benefits it can provide, let’s first define what a proxy server is.”
What is a Proxy Server
In [1], Cloudflare also provides the following definition for a proxy server: “A forward proxy, often called a proxy, proxy server, or web proxy, is a server that sits in front of a group of client machines. When those computers make requests to sites and services on the Internet, the proxy server intercepts those requests and then communicates with web servers on behalf of those clients, like a middleman.”
What are the benefits of a Reverse Proxy?
• A reverse proxy can offer IPv4 or transparent IPv6 to clients serviced from an IPv6- only server farm (which is what we will focus on). • Scalability: The use of a reverse proxy allows adding or removing backend servers as needed without affecting end users. This makes it easier for applications to scale out, allowing them to handle a larger number of concurrent users and requests. • Static content caching: NGINX can cache static content such as images, CSS files, and JavaScript, thus reducing the load on backend servers and increasing content delivery speed. This decreases page load times and the required bandwidth. • Security: NGINX acts as a point of entry to the application, providing an additional layer of security. It can perform functions such as request filtering, DDoS attack prevention, SQL injection protection, and client authentication. NGINX can also enable the use of SSL/TLS encryption for communication between clients and the backend server. • Advanced routing: A reverse proxy allows performing advanced routing based on various criteria, such as domain name, URL, or HTTP headers. This is useful when we need to direct traffic to different backend servers based on the specific attributes of the requests. • Consolidation of services: NGINX can act as a single point of entry for various backend services. This simplifies the infrastructure by consolidating multiple services on a single server, thus simplifying management and maintenance. • Enhanced performance: NGINX is lightweight and resource efficient by design. Its streamlined architecture and ability to handle large numbers of concurrent connections make it a popular choice for improving web app performance. • Load balancing: A reverse proxy such as NGINX can distribute incoming traffic across several backend servers. This helps balance the load and guarantees that no server is overloaded, which improves an application's performance and responsiveness.
Topology
What is our Goal Today?
The edge server (Reverse Proxy Server) will be able to receive IPv4 and IPv6 HTTP requests, and depending on the website a user wishes to visit (domain), will forward the request to the right server. This is what will happen in our example:
The client visits: The request is sent to:
server-a.com → 2001:db8:123::1
server-b.com → 2001:db8:123::2
server-c.com → 2001:db8:123::3
server-a.com → 2001:db8:123::101
server-b.com → 2001:db8:123::102
server-c.com → 2001:db8:123::103
Requirements
• Linux with NGINX on the Reverse Proxy Server • Super user access • Web server on each of the servers in the farm • IPv4 and IPv6 Internet connectivity • Internal IPv6 connectivity
Let's get started
Let's get started
1) Install NGINX in all servers #apt update #apt install nginx
2) Create the websites in the NGINX reverse proxy
File /etc/nginx/sites-available/server-a.com
server { listen 80; listen [::]:80;
server_name server-a.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://[2001:db8:123::101]; }
}
File /etc/nginx/sites-available/server-b.com
server { listen 80; listen [::]:80; server_name server-b.com; location / { proxy_pass http://[2001:db8:123::102]; } }
Archivo /etc/nginx/sites-available/server-b.com
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name server-b.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://[2001:db8:123::102];
}
}
File /etc/nginx/sites-available/server-c.com
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name server-c.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://[2001:db8:123::103];
}
}
3) Create symbolic links to enable the sites configured above:
root@ProxyReverseSRV:/etc/nginx/sites-enabled# ln -s /etc/nginx/sitesavailable/server-a.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/server-a.com
root@ProxyReverseSRV:/etc/nginx/sites-enabled# ln -s /etc/nginx/sitesavailable/server-b.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/server-b.com
root@ProxyReverseSRV:/etc/nginx/sites-enabled# ln -s /etc/nginx/sitesavailable/server-c.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/server-c.com
4) Remember to restart NGINX
$sudo systemctl restart nginx
About the logs
Logs are extremely important for any company or ISP that wishes to review incoming connections.By default, NGINX will use its own IP address for outgoing connections, which results in the
loss of the address of the client that originated the HTTP request. But don't worry. NGINX
has the solution: proxy_set_header. This requires configuring both the end server and the
Reverse Proxy server.
1) On the Reverse Proxy Server, we must configure the website assets.
# Example of nginx reverse proxy that allows logging the
client's
# original address and port number
location /examples {
proxy_pass http://[2001:db8:123::103];
proxy_buffering off;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Port $server_port;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
}
2) On the end server, add the following in the http section of the /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
file:
set_real_ip_from 2001:db8:123::100; #replace the IP address
with that of the proxy
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
real_ip_recursive on;
Example:
http {
…
set_real_ip_from 2001:db8:123::100;
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
real_ip_recursive on;
…
}
With these settings, the receiving server will trust the X-Forwarded-For header set to
2001:db8:123::100 and will log the client's source IP to /var/log/nginx/access.log.
Summary
The proposed design allows managing a 100% IPv6-only web server farm with access to both the IPv4 and the IPv6 worlds in a very simple, scalable, and efficient manner. This results in various benefits, including having to manage only one TCP/IP stack, simplicity, security, and even saving IPv4 addresses.
References
• [1] https://www.cloudflare.com/es-es/learning/cdn/glossary/reverse-proxy/
• https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-configure-nginx-as-areverse-proxy-on-ubuntu-22-04
• GitHub. LACNIC Blog Post Help Files for the entire project:
https://github.com/LACNIC/BlogPostHelpFiles/tree/main/2023_Ofreciendo_conectivid
ad_Dual_Stack_a_servidores_Web_en_una_granja_de_servidores_100_IPv6_Only
Thursday, July 6, 2023
Google returns: 403. That's an error. Your client does not have permission to get URL / from this server. That's all we know.
Introduction:
You want to do a google search and the page returns: "403. That’s an error.
Your client does not have permission to get URL / from this server. That's all we know."
In my case I was using an IPv6 tunnel with Hurricane Electric, specifically the /64 that they deliver in the tunnels.
Solution?
Ask Hurricane Electric at the portal for a /48 routed. That's it! Then I removed the old /64 prefix from the router's SLAAC, leaving only a /64 belonging to the /48.
Good luck!
Thursday, June 29, 2023
Thursday, May 25, 2023
Strange ssh behavior on MAC - Copy/Paste Issues
Situation:
Strange behavior of SSH on MAC, problems with copy/paste in terminal during ssh. Does the clipboard work in other applications?
Solution:
At least in "vi" the solution is very simple. Edit the file: ~/.vimrc and paste the following content:
if !has("gui_running")
set mouse=
endif
Luck!
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